Ramadan & Fasting

The Merits of Ramadan

The Prophet (peace be upon him) was reported to have said that "When Ramadan comes, the gates of Paradise are opened." [2] The month of Ramadan is a great opportunity for one to do the deeds that could bring him/her closer to Paradise.

Fasting in Ramadan is also an opportunity to atone for one's sins. Abu Hurayrah quoted the Prophet (peace be upon him) as saying, "Who ever fasts during the month of Ramadan out of sincere faith and hoping for a reward from Allah will have all of his previous sins forgiven." 

Fasting also provides protection from evil for those who sincerely fast. Allah's Messenger (peace be upon him) was reported to have said, "Fasting is a shield." 

Allah has a special reward which He personally gives one who fasts faithfully. Abu Hurayrah related that the Prophet (peace be upon him) quoted Allah as saying, "Every act of Adam's descendants is for themselves, except fasting. It is meant for Me alone, and I alone will give the reward for it."

Allah States :Perhaps the greatest and most unique merit of Ramadan lies in the fact that the Quran, which is the last and only unchanged book of Divine Guidance remaining in the world, was revealed during this month. 

Classification of Sawm

Sawm is wajib (compulsory) on Muslims, according to the Quran and Sunnah [tradition of the Prophet (peace be upon him)], during the ninth month of the Hijri calendar, called Ramadan, every year. Allah said in the Quran,

 "The month of Ramadan: in it was sent down the Quran, guidance to mankind and a self-evident proof of that guidance and the standard for distinguishing between right and wrong. Whosoever of you witnesses the month should fast it." [Noble Quran 2:185]

Ibn 'Umar reported that the Prophet (peace be upon him) stated, "Islam is built on five (pillars): ..fasting in Ramadan." 

Sawm is wajib (compulsory) on Muslims, according to the Quran and Sunnah [tradition of the Prophet (peace be upon him)], during the ninth month of the Hijri calendar, called Ramadan, every year. Allah said in the Quran,

 "The month of Ramadan: in it was sent down the Quran, guidance to mankind and a self-evident proof of that guidance and the standard for distinguishing between right and wrong. Whosoever of you witnesses the month should fast it."[Noble Quran 2:185]

 The Purpose of Fasting

The ultimate goal of the fast is to develop taqwa (consciousness of God) in people, as Allah said:

 "..so that it may produce Taqwa in you."   [Noble Quran 2:183]

Taqwa is among the highest moral qualities that a Muslim can attain. It is produced by placing a shield between one's self and Allah's wrath, as the root meaning of the word implies (i.e. taqwa comes from the verb waqaa, which means "to safeguard"). This is achieved by being conscious of Allah and all His commandments at all times, which means avoiding the Haram (prohibited) as well as the makruh (undesirable) and even some of the halal (permissible) wherever doubt arises.

Conditions for Being Required to Fast

To be Muslim.

To have reached puberty.

To be sane.

To be physically able.

To be a resident, not a traveler.

A menstruating woman does not pray or fast. Prayers need not be made up, but fasting must be made up later when her menses are finished. Allah has permitted Muslims who are sick or physically unable to fast or are traveling during Ramadan to break their fasts and make up the missed days of Ramadan. Allah says in the Quran:.Whoever is ill or journeying, for him is the like number of other days. Allah desires for you ease and does not desire for you hardship; so you should complete the number and magnify Allah for His having guided you, that perhaps you may give thanks."   [Noble Quran 2:185]

Fundamentals of Fasting

Niyyah (Intention)

For the compulsory fast of Ramadan to be accepted, the intention to fast must be made before Fajr each day. The Prophet (peace be upon him) was reported by Hafsah to have said, "Whoever does not intend to fast before Fajr will have no fast."  As with Salah, there is no verbal formula one says to mark one's intention. To wake up for the pre-dawn meal is an expression of the intention to fast. Even of one didn't wake up for suhur, to simply make up one's mind before sleeping that one will be fasting the next day is sufficient.

Suhur (Pre-Dawn Meal)

The fast begins with a light meal known as suhur, which is taken just before the break of dawn. The Prophet (peace be upon him) encouraged his followers to take this meal, even if it is only a drink of water. Anas ibn Malik said that Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said, "Take suhur for surely there is barakah (blessing) in it." When the adhan of Fajr is sounded, this signals the beginning of the fast and one should not begin to eat anything at this point. If one has in his hand food or drink when the adhan is called, he should finish eating what he wants from it before putting it down. Abu Hurayrah reported that Allah's Messenger (peace be upon him) said, "If one of you hears the adhan and a vessel remains in his hand, he should not put it down until he has had what he desires from it."

Iftar (Breaking Fast)

It is highly recommended that the fast be broken as soon as Maghrib (setting of the sun) occurs. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, "People will remain happy and prosperous as long as they hasten to break the fast."  It is also recommended that the fast be broken with dates and water if available. Anas ibn Malik said, "The Prophet (peace be upon him) used to break his fast with a few dates just before the beginning of Salatul-Maghrib. If fresh dates were not available he would break his fast by drinking a little water."

Du'a for Breaking the Fast

(Thahabath-tham'u wab-tallatil-'urooqu wa thabatal-ajru inshaa' Allah.)

The Benefits of Fasting

 Fasting gives the individual a real taste of hunger and thirst which helps him to realize the experience of the poor. This experience should instill a desire to want to help those who are less fortunate by sharing food and wealth with them.

 It is required that the individual give up not only food, drink and sexual relations, but also that he restrain from all forms of lying (e.g. backbiting, slander, etc.). This is confirmed by the Prophet's (peace be upon him) statement, "Allah has no need for the hunger and the thirst of the person who does not restrain from telling lies and acting on them even while observing the fast." [5] He also said, "When one of you is fasting, he should abstain from indecent acts and unnecessary talk, and if someone begins an obscene conversation or tries to pick an argument, he should simply tell him, 'I am fasting'." [6] So, if one observes the fast according to the above principles, it should improve his moral character, making him more truthful and more careful about what he says and does.

 It has also been noted by medical experts that fasting improves the physical health in numerous ways. For example, during the fast the body uses up stored cholesterol (fats) which are often deposited in the blood system, as well as in other fatty areas of the body. Thus, it helps to keep the body firm and minimizes the danger of heart attacks.

 Fasting trains the individual for Jihad (fighting in the way of Allah) by giving him a good course in self-control. During war the desires of the stomach and the private parts often lead soldiers of war to either commit excesses or to unnecessarily expose themselves to danger.

Permissible Acts While Fasting

 Cleaning the teeth with the siwak (tooth-stick) or its modern substitute, the toothbrush, is allowed, as the Prophet (peace be upon him) used to use the siwak often while fasting. [1] It is better to avoid the use of toothpaste during fasting hours.

 Donating blood or unintentional vomiting does not break the fast. [2]

 Kissing one's wife while fasting does not break the fast, as long as moderation is observed. [3]

 Taking medicine by way of injection, nasal sprays or eye drops does not break the fast, as they are not a form of eating. [4]

 Eating or drinking accidentally or out of forgetfulness does not break the fast. [5]

 Bathing, swimming, or sitting in water to cool off while fasting is permissible. [6]

 For someone to rinse out the mouth or to taste food or drink which is being prepared, spitting it all back out without swallowing any of the food or drink, is also permissible. [7]

 Swallowing one's saliva does not break the fast. [8]

Exemption from Fasting Ramadan

Journey (Safar)

It is allowable for the traveler to break his fast while traveling, whether he is subjected to rigors and hardships during his travels or not. [1]

Sickness (Marad):

If one has an illness that would be worsened by fasting, or fasting would delay the cure, the fast may be abandoned. For example, a person with diabetes may have to eat every few hours to maintain his blood sugar level, or an epileptic may have to take his medicine at regular intervals to prevent a seizure. [2]

Pregnancy (Haml):

If a woman feels that if she fasts, the fetus will be harmed or she herself will be weakened dangerously, she is permitted to leave the fast. [3]

Breast-feeding (Rida'ah):

If a breast-feeding mother or wet-nurse feels that fasting would he harmful to the baby or herself she is allowed to abandon the fast.

 Weakness (Da'f) or Old Age (Kibar as-Sinn):

 (a) If a person is convalescing (regaining his strength).After an illness and fears that the fast would make       him sick again, he is allowed to defer fasting.

 (b) If a person has become extremely weak due to old  age, he is allowed to abandon fasting. [4]

   Jihad (War):

 (a) If a person is about to participate in jihad and fears that the fasting would weaken him, he may defer the         fast.

 (b) If jihad is in progress, participants are allowed to  postpone the fast.